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Hell Is the Tijuana Assembly Line
by Anne Vigna
"Crisis? What crisis? You're sure there's a new crisis? Here in Tijuana we're always in crisis," says Jaime Cotta with a smile. In spite of all the misery that trudges through his office, Cotta manages to retain his sense of humor. Without a doubt, he's the person who best knows what conditions are really like in the maquiladoras, the assembly-line factories built in Mexico since the 1960s along the 3,000 km frontier with the United States. They came to Mexico because of cheap labor, almost non-existent taxes and very lax authorities, all alongside the world's leading economy.
Cotta started out as a worker, then became a researcher. Now he's a lawyer. His Information Centre for Working Women and Men (Cittac) is the only organization to support those thrown out of the factories over the past 20 years. Sacked workers, people who've had work accidents, temporary workers without rights or contracts, all bring stories of flagrant abuse. He advises them and sometimes suggests taking legal action. So it's here that you come to take the social temperature of this frontier town with 1.5 million inhabitants.
Today, three workers are waiting to see him. One was suspended for two days because of one badly made component out of the 700 she produced in her 10-hour shift. "They want to sack me. They're always watching me and they make up anything that suits them," she says with lowered eyes. The piece of paper she hands Cotta claims that she "intentionally brought harm to the business." She adds that in this maquiladora "technical shutdowns" happen each week. That means one day without pay, further reducing an already pathetic wage (755 pesos a week, barely $58).
"Technical shutdowns" are one of the latest brainwaves of the factory bosses. Felipe Calder¢n, the Mexican president, has promoted them to prevent massive redundancies. The federal government pays one third of salaries, the maquiladora another third, and the employee loses the final third through days not worked. In return, factories undertake only to sack the number of employees proportional to - not higher than - the fall in production or in sales. But as Magnolia Pineda, president of the Tijuana Association of Maquiladora Industry, explained, "few businesses have agreed to accept this program because it's impossible for them not to have the right to sack workers. It's an unacceptable restriction." So they carry out "technical shutdowns" but without paying the wage, quite illegally. In any case, she added, "employees fully understand the situation. There has never been a strike."
"Don't talk to me"
True, workers' action has not been an issue at these subcontracting factories, which re-export their products to the US as soon as they are assembled. The most complete study of the sector established that 82% of Tijuana factories do not allow trades unions. The remaining 18% are blessed with organizations that the workers call "ghost unions," not the phrase that Pineda would use. She thought hard and said that in 50 years of maquiladoras there hadn't been unrest. However, it's not the workers' "understanding" but their fear of reprisals that keeps the peace in this border city. You only have to visit the industrial estates early in the morning to see why.
For several months now, lines of unemployed people have formed in the hope of finding a day's work. At 5 a.m., though there's no sign of factory recruiters, people are too terrified to speak. "Don't talk to me, don't come near me," one murmured. "I can't say anything to you, I'm not allowed to."
Another told me: "You shouldn't be here, it's forbidden. Yes, we're in the street here, but we're in front of the factory so this street's also `theirs.'" By 7 a.m. nobody had been hired. The hopefuls, warming themselves over bad coffee 500 m from the factory, were still afraid to talk: "They have cameras and you have a pen. It's too dangerous." Just one woman agreed to tell me how she'd been looking for work for several months and "there is nothing." She wouldn't give me her name, her age or her place of birth.
"They have cameras and you have a pen. It's too dangerous."
The maquiladoras have always had their ways of gagging information. So one needs to go back to Cittac's premises to learn a bit more about this secret world. Here, those who one day decided to push open the door and discover their rights are no longer afraid to speak.
Shattering work-pace
...the Mexican Social Security Institute is suspected of
informing maquiladoras about actions taken by some workers.
It has been the same story for years: working in the maquiladoras is hell. But the crisis has brought a new vicious circle, with shop-floor conditions getting even worse. Rogelio is in his 40s. He started work at 21 and has been employed by several companies. His experiences are inexhaustible: "I'm from Michoacan. When I first arrived, I worked for Takubi, a Japanese company, assembling speaker boxes; then at Tabushi, another Japanese company, making cables for Canon; and then at an American company, Sohnen, the worst of all, where we repaired electrical equipment." At Sohnen, Rogelio took courses to train as a technician - two hours each evening after 10 hours' work. He was promoted, and his weekly wage became almost respectable (1,700 pesos, $130). But the work-pace was shattering. "We were given 20 minutes to repair an item. If you didn't finish you had to complete it that evening, without extra pay."
According to his foreman, Rogelio wasn't quick enough. He had started to organize a union with fellow workers. They met several times in a park and handed out leaflets at the factory gate. The supervisors asked other workers whether Rogelio had started it. Labelled as the chief troublemaker, he was fired. He refused to accept the derisory compensation check he was offered after several years with the business. After a legal battle that Cittac fought for him, he managed to get better compensation but went straight on the blacklist. Several workers, backed by Cittac, insist that the lists have always existed (which the employers' organization denies); the Mexican Social Security Institute is suspected of informing maquiladoras about actions taken by some workers.
Sharp employed him for a few weeks before realizing who he was and firing him on the spot. Work in electronics anywhere in Baja California was closed to him, so in 2007, he found a job at Unisolar Ovonic, an American maquiladora that assembles solar panels. "Work is not easy there. There are 16 ovens and no air extractors: the heat is stifling. The cutting zone is the most dangerous place. All day long you inhale glass fiber dust, which also sticks to the skin. By the end of the day, your whole body is covered." Workers' complaints changed nothing. "They simply repeated to us that we were lucky to have a job at this time of crisis."
Threats of being fired became more serious as the year went on. Together with Manuel, a Honduran immigrant, Rogelio did some research on the company to put together a leaflet, which they distributed to workers. They found out that Unisolar Ovonic's new chairman, Mark Morelli, had recently congratulated himself for the group's good results in 2008 ("profits were up by 16%," said Manuel) before announcing sunny prospects for solar panels - thanks to "green awareness." "Their order book was full until 2012, if you believe the chairman, so why threaten us constantly with the sack?" Rogelio fumed. "Of course, the crisis exists," Cotta added, "but it's also a pretext to keep employees quiet and forget about any wage increase."
Southern end of Silicon Valley
From 1994, the year the North American Free Trade Agreement was signed, until 2001, there was enormous expansion. The workers' small, agile hands were particularly suited to the sector and the authorities didn't bother about the presence of polluting materials like lead.
On California's doorstep, the maquiladoras recruited migrant labor to satisfy a seemingly unquenchable thirst for electronic gadgets. "From 1994 to 2000 we had full employment in Tijuana, with unemployment levels scarcely reaching 1%," said Cuauht‚moc Calder¢n, economics researcher at Tijuana's North Border College. "All along the frontier, the maquiladora became a sort of immigration barrier. But this enterprise model was completely separated from the rest of the economy. It had no positive effect on the other sectors. Products were imported, assembled, then exported. So the maquiladoras could not absorb the huge number of migrants who arrived. Brutal deregulation of our economy brought the displacement of 500,000 Mexicans a year, something a country usually only suffers in wartime."
In 2002, the electronics sector shed 31% of its labor force.
With the millennium came the model's first failures. The US recession of 2001 caused 200,000 job losses in the maquiladoras along the frontier. In 2002, the electronics sector shed 31% of its labor force - 27% of it in Tijuana alone. As Leticia Hernandez, a specialist in investment issues, explained: "We are totally dependent here on the US. Even in 2008, 78% of the inward investment in the frontier zone was American. It's not surprising that the crisis on their side of the frontier has created huge unemployment here."
The export-led economy, entirely dependent on the big neighbor to the north, was already slowing down before the crisis. China's 2001 entry into the World Trade Organization effectively changed the game. "For 10 years now we've been watching bigger and bigger abuses, more and more sackings without compensation," said Cotta. "The factories are loath to pay whatever they have to, including protection against dangerous materials. But, since there's no other work, people say nothing."
"the maquiladora does not encourage development, only unbalanced growth."
One maquiladora, Power-Sonic, which makes batteries for electronic equipment, is a particular cause for concern. "Before, nobody would sign up there because you have to work with lead the whole day," said Rogelio. "Now, a queue of people line up outside the factory each morning." Netzahualcoyotl, 36, with two children and mortgage payments to keep up, said he had "little choice" when he lost his job at Sohnen. He would like to believe his protective clothing is effective. "Our bosses tell us that those who don't use it will fall ill." He himself is still all right - according to the criteria used by the business, which conducts tests on workers every month. "They don't give us the results, but if levels of lead in our blood get too high they move us somewhere else. That's how we know when we're ill."
As the essential element in all electronic products, lead is everywhere: in peoples' fears, in discussions, in the rivers. For the past 10 years, the district of Chilpancingo, which lies below the industrial estates, has fought against lead waste dumped into the wild. Thanks to help from the San Diego NGO Environmental Health Coalition, 3,000 tons of polluted earth were sent to the US in 2008 to be cleaned, while 8,000 tons have been encased in concrete. The two countries' governments paid for that, not the companies.
"They all congratulated themselves in the press," said Yesina Palomares, long-time Chilpancingo residents' leader. "But over the years we have wept unnoticed when children were born without a brain and died straight away. Unfortunately, nothing has changed. There is still no proper inspection of the waste dumped by companies, or of employee health." Carmen, who worked for Panasonic, told me her own experience: "I put lead seals on electronics sheets and I knew that I breathed the smoke at each operation." After six months, stains appeared on her face, she felt constantly tired and had kidney pains. "Panasonic's doctor assured me it was nothing, but then a community doctor examined me and said `if you don't stop now you'll develop leukemia.'"
Carmen took that advice because, at the time, you could easily change maquiladora. Today, she said, it's different. "We are less careful." In her district, the numbers of unemployed have grown since the Sony factory closed. Some neighbors even went back to their home states. "I came from Chiapas at 13. I've never seen so many people head south again in 30 years." Before, migrants would work a few years in border towns to save enough to pay a trafficker, then would try their luck in the US. Now that's too dangerous, with the uncertainties north of the border. "In the US, Mexican migrants normally work in the construction industry. But there's not much possibility there just now," they told me at the migrant hostel in Tijuana, run by Catholic priests, which for the first time was quite empty.
As the essential element in all electronic products, lead is everywhere: in peoples' fears, in discussions, in the rivers.
Long delays to legally designate protected areas
create large windows of opportunity for resources to be extracted rapidly.
Worst of all for the over-50s
In Tijuana, the over-50s suffer most. As ever, the maquiladoras hire the young. Most job ads state "under 35." When they get to the fateful 50th birthday, people begin fighting to hold onto their jobs. "People reaching 50 have a real struggle," said Netzahualcoyotl; "they work like mad so that they can't be told `you're not keeping up.' They are the most productive people in the company but they are too costly. They slave away in vain; it doesn't change anything, they're fired."
Which is what happened to Delfina, barely 53. "I remember that at the end I was doing the work of three people. I had headaches, my nose bled, but the supervisor behind me told me to speed up. They decided to make us work standing up because we were less efficient sitting down. You were not allowed to speak, go to the toilet or even chew gum."
Delfina was fired without any stated reason in November 2008. They didn't even give her her weekly wage, or any compensation for losing her job. She complained and is now waiting for the conciliation council, a sort of industrial tribunal, to pronounce on her case. She survives on 200 pesos ($13) a week sent by one of her daughters who runs a grocery store. Three people have to live on that money. "We only have two meals a day," she said, clearly embarrassed, when I asked how she manages on so little. After 25 years working in the maquiladoras, Delfina has no pension and no savings, after bringing up seven children as a single mother. Like many in her position, she worked nights over the years.
When they get to the fateful 50th birthday, people begin fighting to hold onto their jobs.
At Mattel, the toy maker, you had to fight for your rights. "When Mattel bought the business where I worked, they wanted to fire me without compensation. I refused, so they locked me up." She spent a whole night confined to an office with a guard. She was told she had to accept a check for 2,000 pesos ($150) before she'd be allowed to leave early the next morning. "You understand, my children were waiting for me." Helped by Cittac, she went on radio and television to denounce this practice. Mattel didn't want to know about it. And the courts ruled that it wasn't kidnapping because nobody had demanded a ransom.
Delfina realizes she will never again be offered employment at a maquiladora. "It's impossible at my age, and now they're not even taking young people," she said, pushing forward her son-in-law, 20 and unemployed. "Plenty of people are selling bits and pieces, but we're all poor here so we don't buy much." The area where she lives is similar to a lot of Tijuana, illegally built, but then allowed to stand. However, the authorities never built any roads; and residents had to make their own arrangements for water and electricity. When her son's house burnt down, the firemen didn't come. "It's just not right," she said, angry, "but where can we complain?" Her son's family lost everything. "The maquiladora where he's employed gave him nothing. It was left to his workmates to help out. The only thing here that still works is solidarity."
Translated by Robert Waterhouse.
Anne Vigna is a journalist. This article appears in the December 2009 edition of the monthly Le Monde Diplomatique, whose English language edition can be found at http://mondediplo.com.
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